Multi-model selection for neural network based tools in video coding

ABSTRACT

A method, computer program, and computer system is provided for video encoding and decoding. Video data including one or more frames is received. One or more quantization parameters associated with the received video data are determined for frame generation or enhancement of a target frame from among the one or more frames. The video data is decoded based on the determined quantization parameters.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/136,062 (filed Jan. 11, 2021) in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to field of data processing, and more particularly to video coding.

BACKGROUND

Video coding and decoding using inter-picture prediction with motion compensation has been known for decades. Uncompressed digital video can consist of a series of pictures, each picture having a spatial dimension of, for example, 1920×1080 luminance samples and associated chrominance samples. The series of pictures can have a fixed or variable picture rate (informally also known as frame rate), of, for example 60 pictures per second or 60 Hz. Uncompressed video has significant bitrate requirements. For example, 1080p60 4:2:0 video at 8 bit per sample (1920×1080 luminance sample resolution at 60 Hz frame rate) requires close to 1.5 Gbit/s bandwidth. An hour of such video requires more than 600 GByte of storage space.

Traditional video coding standards, such as the H.264/Advanced Video Coding (H.264/AVC), High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and Versatile Video Coding (VVC) share a similar (recursive) block-based hybrid prediction/transform framework where individual coding tools like the intra/inter prediction, integer transforms, and context-adaptive entropy coding, are intensively handcrafted to optimize the overall efficiency.

SUMMARY

Embodiments relate to a method, system, and computer readable medium for video coding. According to one aspect, a method for video coding is provided. The method may include receiving video data include one or more frames. One or more quantization parameters associated with the received video data are determined for frame generation or enhancement of a target frame from among the one or more frames. The video data is decoded based on the determined quantization parameters.

According to another aspect, a computer system for video coding is provided. The computer system may include one or more processors, one or more computer-readable memories, one or more computer-readable tangible storage devices, and program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, whereby the computer system is capable of performing a method. The method may include receiving video data including one or more frames. One or more quantization parameters associated with the received video data are determined for frame generation or enhancement of a target frame from among the one or more frames. The video data is decoded based on the determined quantization parameters.

According to yet another aspect, a computer readable medium for video coding is provided. The computer readable medium may include one or more computer-readable storage devices and program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more tangible storage devices, the program instructions executable by a processor. The program instructions are executable by a processor for performing a method that may accordingly include receiving video data including one or more frames. One or more quantization parameters associated with the received video data are determined for frame generation or enhancement of a target frame from among the one or more frames. The video data is decoded based on the determined quantization parameters.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects, features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. The various features of the drawings are not to scale as the illustrations are for clarity in facilitating the understanding of one skilled in the art in conjunction with the detailed description. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates a networked computer environment according to at least one embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a hierarchical temporal structure for loop filter/inter-prediction, according to at least one embodiment;

FIG. 3 is an operational flowchart illustrating the steps carried out by a program that encodes and decodes video data, according to at least one embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of internal and external components of computers and servers depicted in FIG. 1 according to at least one embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an illustrative cloud computing environment including the computer system depicted in FIG. 1 , according to at least one embodiment; and

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of functional layers of the illustrative cloud computing environment of FIG. 5 , according to at least one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Detailed embodiments of the claimed structures and methods are disclosed herein; however, it can be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the claimed structures and methods that may be embodied in various forms. Those structures and methods may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope to those skilled in the art. In the description, details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presented embodiments.

Embodiments relate generally to the field of data processing, and more particularly to video coding. The following described exemplary embodiments provide a system, method and computer program to, among other things, encode and decode video data based on a hierarchical temporal structure for loop filter/inter-prediction. Therefore, some embodiments have the capacity to improve the field of computing by allowing for improved efficiency in video coding.

As previously described, Video coding and decoding using inter-picture prediction with motion compensation has been known for decades. Uncompressed digital video can consist of a series of pictures, each picture having a spatial dimension of, for example, 1920×1080 luminance samples and associated chrominance samples. The series of pictures can have a fixed or variable picture rate (informally also known as frame rate), of, for example 60 pictures per second or 60 Hz. Uncompressed video has significant bitrate requirements. For example, 1080p60 4:2:0 video at 8 bit per sample (1920×1080 luminance sample resolution at 60 Hz frame rate) requires close to 1.5 Gbit/s bandwidth. An hour of such video requires more than 600 GByte of storage space. Traditional video coding standards, such as the H.264/Advanced Video Coding (H.264/AVC), High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and Versatile Video Coding (VVC) share a similar (recursive) block-based hybrid prediction/transform framework where individual coding tools like the intra/inter prediction, integer transforms, and context-adaptive entropy coding, are intensively handcrafted to optimize the overall efficiency.

One purpose of video coding and decoding can be the reduction of redundancy in the input video signal, through compression. Compression can help reducing aforementioned bandwidth or storage space requirements, in some cases by two orders of magnitude or more. Both lossless and lossy compression, as well as a combination thereof can be employed. Lossless compression refers to techniques where an exact copy of the original signal can be reconstructed from the compressed original signal. When using lossy compression, the reconstructed signal may not be identical to the original signal, but the distortion between original and reconstructed signal is small enough to make the reconstructed signal useful for the intended application. In the case of video, lossy compression is widely employed. The amount of distortion tolerated depends on the application; for example, users of certain consumer streaming applications may tolerate higher distortion than users of television contribution applications. The compression ratio achievable can reflect that: higher allowable/tolerable distortion can yield higher compression ratios.

The spatiotemporal pixel neighborhoods are leveraged for predictive signal construction, to obtain corresponding residuals for subsequent transform, quantization, and entropy coding. On the other hand, the nature of Neural Networks (NN) is to extract different levels of spatiotemporal stimuli by analyzing spatiotemporal information from the receptive field of neighboring pixels. The capability of exploring highly nonlinearity and nonlocal spatiotemporal correlations provide promising opportunity for largely improved compression quality.

However, one caveat of leveraging information from multiple neighboring video frames is the complex motion caused by moving camera and dynamic scenes. Traditional block-based motion vectors cannot work well for non-translational motions. Learning based optical flow methods can provide accurate motion information at pixel-level, which is, unfortunately prone to error, especially along the boundary of moving objects. In some Hybrid Inter-frame prediction, NN-based model is applied to implicitly handle arbitrary complex motion in a data-driven fashion.

It may be advantageous, therefore, to select different frames as reference frame to apply LF or generate intermediate frame when using NN-based model as Loop Filter (LF) or for Inter-prediction tools in order to have a better trade-off for performance and coding runtime.

Aspects are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer readable media according to the various embodiments. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.

The following described exemplary embodiments provide a system, method and computer program that encodes and decodes video data. Referring now to FIG. 1 , a functional block diagram of a networked computer environment illustrating a video coding system 100 (hereinafter “system”) for encoding and decoding video data. It should be appreciated that FIG. 1 provides only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made based on design and implementation requirements.

The system 100 may include a computer 102 and a server computer 114. The computer 102 may communicate with the server computer 114 via a communication network 110 (hereinafter “network”). The computer 102 may include a processor 104 and a software program 108 that is stored on a data storage device 106 and is enabled to interface with a user and communicate with the server computer 114. As will be discussed below with reference to FIG. 4 the computer 102 may include internal components 800A and external components 900A, respectively, and the server computer 114 may include internal components 800B and external components 900B, respectively. The computer 102 may be, for example, a mobile device, a telephone, a personal digital assistant, a netbook, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a desktop computer, or any type of computing devices capable of running a program, accessing a network, and accessing a database.

The server computer 114 may also operate in a cloud computing service model, such as Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), or Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), as discussed below with respect to FIGS. 5 and 6 . The server computer 114 may also be located in a cloud computing deployment model, such as a private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, or hybrid cloud.

The server computer 114, which may be used for encoding and decoding video data is enabled to run a Video Coding Program 116 (hereinafter “program”) that may interact with a database 112. The Video Coding Program method is explained in more detail below with respect to FIG. 3 . In one embodiment, the computer 102 may operate as an input device including a user interface while the program 116 may run primarily on server computer 114. In an alternative embodiment, the program 116 may run primarily on one or more computers 102 while the server computer 114 may be used for processing and storage of data used by the program 116. It should be noted that the program 116 may be a standalone program or may be integrated into a larger video coding program.

It should be noted, however, that processing for the program 116 may, in some instances be shared amongst the computers 102 and the server computers 114 in any ratio. In another embodiment, the program 116 may operate on more than one computer, server computer, or some combination of computers and server computers, for example, a plurality of computers 102 communicating across the network 110 with a single server computer 114. In another embodiment, for example, the program 116 may operate on a plurality of server computers 114 communicating across the network 110 with a plurality of client computers. Alternatively, the program may operate on a network server communicating across the network with a server and a plurality of client computers.

The network 110 may include wired connections, wireless connections, fiber optic connections, or some combination thereof. In general, the network 110 can be any combination of connections and protocols that will support communications between the computer 102 and the server computer 114. The network 110 may include various types of networks, such as, for example, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, a telecommunication network such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a wireless network, a public switched network, a satellite network, a cellular network (e.g., a fifth generation (5G) network, a long-term evolution (LTE) network, a third generation (3G) network, a code division multiple access (CDMA) network, etc.), a public land mobile network (PLMN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a private network, an ad hoc network, an intranet, a fiber optic-based network, or the like, and/or a combination of these or other types of networks.

The number and arrangement of devices and networks shown in FIG. 1 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional devices and/or networks, fewer devices and/or networks, different devices and/or networks, or differently arranged devices and/or networks than those shown in FIG. 1 . Furthermore, two or more devices shown in FIG. 1 may be implemented within a single device, or a single device shown in FIG. 1 may be implemented as multiple, distributed devices. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of devices (e.g., one or more devices) of system 100 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of devices of system 100.

Referring now to FIG. 2 , a hierarchical temporal structure 200 for loop filter/inter-prediction is depicted. The hierarchical structure 200 may apply NN-based Loop Filter or Inter-Frame Prediction in video coding and decoding, and more specifically, to determine the number/index of frame to be applied as reference frame to use NN model for frame generation or enhancement in video coding for I/P/B frame respectively. Assume an input video x comprising of a plurality of image frames x₁, . . . , x_(T) (e.g., 1-16). In a first motion estimation step, the frames are partitioned into spatial blocks, each block can be partitioned into smaller blocks iteratively, and a set of motion vectors m_(t) between a current frame x_(t) and a set of previous reconstructed frames {{circumflex over (x)}_(j)}_(t-1) is computed for each block. Note that the subscript t denotes the current t-th encoding cycle, which may not match the display order (time stamp) of the image frame. Also, {{circumflex over (x)}_(j)}_(t-1) contains frames from multiple previous encoding cycles. Then, in a second motion compensation step, for a current coding block, in the current frame {tilde over (x)}_(t), a predicted block is obtained by copying the corresponding pixels of the previous {{circumflex over (x)}_(j)}_(t-1) based on the motion vectors m_(t), and a residual r_(t) between the original block and the predicted block can be obtained. In the third step, the residual r_(t) is transformed then quantized.

A quantization step gives a quantized transform block. Both the motion vectors m_(t) and the quantized transform block are encoded into bit steams by entropy coding, which are sent to decoders. Then on the decoder side, the decoded block will apply inverse transform and dequantization (typically through inverse transformation like IDCT with the dequantized coefficients) to obtain a recovered residual {circumflex over (r)}_(t). Then {circumflex over (r)}_(t) is added back to the predictor block to obtain reconstructed block. Additional components are further used to improve the visual quality of the reconstructed {circumflex over (x)}_(t). Typically, one or multiple of the following enhancement modules can be selected to process {circumflex over (x)}_(t), including Deblocking Filter (DF), Sample-Adaptive Offset (SAO), Adaptive Loop Filter (ALF), etc.

In HEVC, VVC or other video coding frameworks or standards, the decoded pictures may be included in the reference picture list (RPL) and may be used for motion-compensated prediction as a reference picture and other parameter prediction for coding the following picture(s) in the encoding or decoding order. Or the decoded part of a current picture may be used for intra-prediction or intra block copy for coding different region or block of the current picture.

In an example, one or more virtual references may be generated and included in the RPL in both encoder and decoder, or only in decoder. The virtual reference picture may be generated by one or more processes including signal-processing, spatial or temporal filtering, scaling, weighted averaging, up-/down-sampling, pooling, recursive processing with memory, linear system processing, non-linear system processing, neural-network processing, deep-learning based processing, AI-processing, pre-trained network processing, machine-learning based processing, on-line training network processing or their combinations. For the processing to generate the virtual reference(s), zero or more forward reference pictures, which precede the current picture in both output/display order and en-/decoding order, and zero or more backward reference pictures, which follow the current picture both in output/display order but precede the current picture in en-/decoding order are used as input data. The output of the processing is the virtual/generated picture to be used as a new reference picture. Regular motion compensation technologies may be applied when this new reference picture is chosen to predict a coding block in the current picture.

In an example, NN based methods may be applied to in-loop filter design at both Slice/CTU level on each frame, in combination with one or multiple of the above-mentioned additional components (e.g., DF, SAO, ALF, CCALF etc.), or to replace one or multiple of the above-mentioned additional components (e.g., DF, SAO, ALF, CCALF etc.). If applied, the reconstructed current picture will be used as input data to the NN based model(s) to generate the NN enhanced filtered picture. For each block or CTU, the decision can be made whether to choose this NN enhanced filtered picture as post filtering result or use traditional filtering methods.

One or more NN models can be selected as NN based video coding tools for different scenarios to apply to pictures that meet certain condition. In one embodiment, for different QPs (quantization parameter), one or more NN based models may be selected in the NN based video coding tools. In another word, NN-based video coding tools can use one model for all QPs, or separate models for each QP, or separate models with one model assigned for a set of QP range.

In one or more embodiments, for pictures under different hierarchical levels, one or more NN based models will be used in NN based video coding tools. In another word, NN based video coding tools can use one model for all frames, or separate models for different frames that have their POCs meet certain condition. For example, FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the hierarchical structure for loop filter/inter-prediction. One model is designed for frames having hierarchical levels ID equal to 1, another model is designed for frames having hierarchical levels ID equal to 2, etc. In another example, for pictures that different hierarchical levels ID that is even or odd may be applied multiple models in NN based video coding tools. In another word, one model is designed for frames have hierarchical levels ID is even, another model is designed for frames have hierarchical levels ID is odd.

In one or more embodiments, for different frames that have different type of reference picture list (RPL), one or more NN based models may be selected in NN based video coding tools. In another word, NN based video coding tools can use one model for all frames, or separate models for different frames that its reference picture list (RPL) meet certain condition. For example, one model is designed for frames that their length of reference picture list (RPL) is equal to 1, another model is designed for frames that their length of reference picture list (RPL) is equal to 2, etc. In another example, when the reference pictures in the reference picture list (RPL) comes from different hierarchical levels, multiple models may be applied in NN based video coding tools. In another word, one model is designed for frames that their reference pictures in the reference picture list (RPL) comes from hierarchical levels 1 and 2, another model is designed for frames that their reference pictures in reference picture list (RPL) comes from hierarchical levels 1, 2 and 3, etc.

In one or more embodiments, for different frames that have different number of reference frames as input for the NN based model, one or more NN based model will be selected in the NN based video coding tools. In another word, NN based video coding tools can use one model for all frames, or separate models for different frames that use certain number of reference frames as input for NN based model. For example, one model is designed for frames that select one unique reference frame in the RPL as input to NN model; another model is designed for frames that select two unique reference frames in the RPL as input to NN model, etc. In another example, the reference frames may not need to be presented in the RPL, they could be, however, stored in the DPB so both encoder and decoder can access them.

In one or more embodiments, for different frames that have different temporal distances to their reference frames as input for NN based model, one or more NN based model will be selected in the NN based video coding tools. In another word, NN based video coding tools can use one model for all frames, or separate models for different frames that their reference frames may have different temporal distances to them. For example, one model is designed for current frames that use the reference frames with temporal distance equal to 1 (to current frame) as input to NN model; another model is designed for current frames that have the reference frames with temporal distance equal to 2 (to current frame) as input to NN model, etc.

In one or more embodiments, the NN based video coding may be NN based inter-prediction or loop filtering or both.

A multiple model selection may be applied as NN-based coding tools in video coding. The proposed method decides whether to select one or more NN based models as neural-network-based coding tools to pictures by different conditions. The NN based coding tools may include, but not limited to, NN based loop filtering, NN based virtual reference picture for inter prediction. Below are a few examples to further elaborate the proposed methods.

In one example, Given the hierarchical GOP structure in FIG. 1 , one model can be used for all levels of pictures, or for each level, separate models may be used for different hierarchical level ID of frames (different condition of POC). As an example, for the current picture (with POC=3), it has different hierarchical level with the other picture (with POC=2), along with different scenario or condition, these two pictures can use one common model, or separate models in NN-based coding tools.

In another example, Given the hierarchical GOP structure in FIG. 1 , for the current picture (with POC=3), it has reference picture list (RPL) of pictures (with POC=0, 2, 4, 8), and for the current picture (with POC=10), it has reference picture list (RPL) of pictures (with POC=8, 12, 16), these two frames have different reference picture list (RPL) that reference frames are from different hierarchical levels, and such two pictures can use one common model, or separate models as NN-based coding tools.

In another example, Given the hierarchical GOP structure in FIG. 1 , for the current picture (with POC=3), it has reference picture list (RPL) of pictures (with POC=0, 2, 4, 8), different number of reference frames can be fed into NN based model. When different number of reference frames are used as input, it can use one common model, or separate models as NN-based coding tools.

In another example, Given the hierarchical GOP structure in FIG. 1 , for the current picture (with POC=3), it has reference picture list (RPL) of pictures (with POC=0, 2, 4, 8), for each reference frame, it may have different temporal distances to current picture, for different temporal distance of reference frame relative to current picture, it can be applied using one common model, or separate models in NN-based coding tools.

Referring now to FIG. 3 , an operational flowchart illustrating the steps of a method 300 carried out by a program that encodes and decodes video data is depicted.

At 302, the method 300 may include receiving video data including one or more frames.

At 304, the method 300 may include determining one or more quantization parameters associated with the received video data for frame generation or enhancement of a target frame from among the one or more frames.

At 306, the method 300 may include decoding the video data based on the determined quantization parameters.

It may be appreciated that FIG. 3 provides only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to how different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made based on design and implementation requirements.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram 400 of internal and external components of computers depicted in FIG. 1 in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. It should be appreciated that FIG. 4 provides only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made based on design and implementation requirements.

Computer 102 (FIG. 1 ) and server computer 114 (FIG. 1 ) may include respective sets of internal components 800A,B and external components 900A,B illustrated in FIG. 5 . Each of the sets of internal components 800 include one or more processors 820, one or more computer-readable RAMs 822 and one or more computer-readable ROMs 824 on one or more buses 826, one or more operating systems 828, and one or more computer-readable tangible storage devices 830.

Processor 820 is implemented in hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. Processor 820 is a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or another type of processing component. In some implementations, processor 820 includes one or more processors capable of being programmed to perform a function. Bus 826 includes a component that permits communication among the internal components 800A,B.

The one or more operating systems 828, the software program 108 (FIG. 1 ) and the Video Coding Program 116 (FIG. 1 ) on server computer 114 (FIG. 1 ) are stored on one or more of the respective computer-readable tangible storage devices 830 for execution by one or more of the respective processors 820 via one or more of the respective RAMs 822 (which typically include cache memory). In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4 , each of the computer-readable tangible storage devices 830 is a magnetic disk storage device of an internal hard drive. Alternatively, each of the computer-readable tangible storage devices 830 is a semiconductor storage device such as ROM 824, EPROM, flash memory, an optical disk, a magneto-optic disk, a solid state disk, a compact disc (CD), a digital versatile disc (DVD), a floppy disk, a cartridge, a magnetic tape, and/or another type of non-transitory computer-readable tangible storage device that can store a computer program and digital information.

Each set of internal components 800A,B also includes a R/W drive or interface 832 to read from and write to one or more portable computer-readable tangible storage devices 936 such as a CD-ROM, DVD, memory stick, magnetic tape, magnetic disk, optical disk or semiconductor storage device. A software program, such as the software program 108 (FIG. 1 ) and the Video Coding Program 116 (FIG. 1 ) can be stored on one or more of the respective portable computer-readable tangible storage devices 936, read via the respective R/W drive or interface 832 and loaded into the respective hard drive 830.

Each set of internal components 800A,B also includes network adapters or interfaces 836 such as a TCP/IP adapter cards; wireless Wi-Fi interface cards; or 3G, 4G, or 5G wireless interface cards or other wired or wireless communication links. The software program 108 (FIG. 1 ) and the Video Coding Program 116 (FIG. 1 ) on the server computer 114 (FIG. 1 ) can be downloaded to the computer 102 (FIG. 1 ) and server computer 114 from an external computer via a network (for example, the Internet, a local area network or other, wide area network) and respective network adapters or interfaces 836. From the network adapters or interfaces 836, the software program 108 and the Video Coding Program 116 on the server computer 114 are loaded into the respective hard drive 830. The network may comprise copper wires, optical fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers.

Each of the sets of external components 900A,B can include a computer display monitor 920, a keyboard 930, and a computer mouse 934. External components 900A,B can also include touch screens, virtual keyboards, touch pads, pointing devices, and other human interface devices. Each of the sets of internal components 800A,B also includes device drivers 840 to interface to computer display monitor 920, keyboard 930 and computer mouse 934. The device drivers 840, R/W drive or interface 832 and network adapter or interface 836 comprise hardware and software (stored in storage device 830 and/or ROM 824).

It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, some embodiments are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed.

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes.

Referring to FIG. 5 , illustrative cloud computing environment 500 is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 500 comprises one or more cloud computing nodes 10 with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone 54A, desktop computer 54B, laptop computer 54C, and/or automobile computer system 54N may communicate. Cloud computing nodes 10 may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment 500 to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices 54A-N shown in FIG. 5 are intended to be illustrative only and that cloud computing nodes 10 and cloud computing environment 500 can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser).

Referring to FIG. 6 , a set of functional abstraction layers 600 provided by cloud computing environment 500 (FIG. 5 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in FIG. 6 are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 61; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 62; servers 63; blade servers 64; storage devices 65; and networks and networking components 66. In some embodiments, software components include network application server software 67 and database software 68.

Virtualization layer 70 provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers 71; virtual storage 72; virtual networks 73, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems 74; and virtual clients 75.

In one example, management layer 80 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning 81 provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing 82 provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal 83 provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management 84 provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment 85 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 90 provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation 91; software development and lifecycle management 92; virtual classroom education delivery 93; data analytics processing 94; transaction processing 95; and Video Coding 96. Video Coding 96 may encode and decode video data based on using multiple neural network models for prediction and loop filtering.

Some embodiments may relate to a system, a method, and/or a computer readable medium at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer readable medium may include a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out operations.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program code/instructions for carrying out operations may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects or operations.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer readable media according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). The method, computer system, and computer readable medium may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in the Figures. In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed concurrently or substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

It will be apparent that systems and/or methods, described herein, may be implemented in different forms of hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and/or methods is not limiting of the implementations. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and/or methods were described herein without reference to specific software code—it being understood that software and hardware may be designed to implement the systems and/or methods based on the description herein.

No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, a combination of related and unrelated items, etc.), and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the term “one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise.

The descriptions of the various aspects and embodiments have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Even though combinations of features are recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of possible implementations. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of possible implementations includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of video coding, executable by a processor, comprising: receiving video data including frames, the frames corresponding to different hierarchical levels; determining one or more quantization parameters associated with the received video data for frame generation or enhancement of a target frame from among the frames; and decoding the video data based on the determined quantization parameters, wherein one or more neural network models are selected for the frame generation or enhancement based on the determined quantization parameters, wherein a first neural network model is selected for a frame having a first hierarchical level, and a second neural network model, different from the first neural network model is selected for a frame having a second hierarchical level, the second hierarchical level being different from the first hierarchical level, and wherein a hierarchical level of a frame is determined based on a temporal position of the frame in the frames, and frames having a same hierarchical level are positioned at a predetermined interval with each other.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the target fame corresponds to one or more from among an I-frame, a P-frame, and a B-frame.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the decoded video data is included in a reference picture list.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein based on the reference picture list, subsequent frames from among the frames are decoded based on motion-compensated prediction, intra prediction, or intra block copy.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein one or more virtual reference frames are generated and included in the reference picture list.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the one or more virtual reference frames are generated based on one or more from among signal-processing, spatial or temporal filtering, scaling, weighted averaging, up-/down-sampling, pooling, recursive processing with memory, linear system processing, non-linear system processing, neural-network processing, deep-learning based processing, AI-processing, pre-trained network processing, machine-learning based processing, and on-line training network processing.
 7. A computer system for video coding, the computer system comprising: one or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media configured to store computer program code; and one or more computer processors configured to access said computer program code and operate as instructed by said computer program code, said computer program code including: receiving code configured to cause the one or more computer processors to receive video data including frames, the frames corresponding to different hierarchical levels; determining code configured to cause the one or more computer processors to determine one or more quantization parameters associated with the received video data for frame generation or enhancement of a target frame from among the frames; and decoding code configured to cause the one or more computer processors to decode the video data based on the determined quantization parameters, wherein one or more neural network models are selected for the frame generation or enhancement based on the determined quantization parameters, wherein a first neural network model is selected for a frame having a first hierarchical level, and a second neural network model, different from the first neural network model is selected for a frame having a second hierarchical level, the second hierarchical level being different from the first hierarchical level, and wherein a hierarchical level of a frame is determined based on a temporal position of the frame in the frames, and frames having a same hierarchical level are positioned at a predetermined interval with each other.
 8. The computer system of claim 7, wherein the target fame corresponds to one or more from among an I-frame, a P-frame, and a B-frame.
 9. The computer system of claim 7, wherein the decoded video data is included in a reference picture list.
 10. The computer system of claim 9, wherein based on the reference picture list, subsequent frames from among the frames are decoded based on motion-compensated prediction, intra prediction, or intra block copy.
 11. The computer system of claim 9, wherein one or more virtual reference frames are generated and included in the reference picture list.
 12. The computer system of claim 11, wherein the one or more virtual reference frames are generated based on one or more from among signal-processing, spatial or temporal filtering, scaling, weighted averaging, up-/down-sampling, pooling, recursive processing with memory, linear system processing, non-linear system processing, neural-network processing, deep-learning based processing, AI-processing, pre-trained network processing, machine-learning based processing, and on-line training network processing.
 13. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a computer program for video coding, the computer program configured to cause one or more computer processors to: receive video data including frames, the frames corresponding to different hierarchical levels; determine one or more quantization parameters associated with the received video data for frame generation or enhancement of a target frame from among the frames; and decode the video data based on the determined quantization parameters, wherein one or more neural network models are selected for the frame generation or enhancement based on the determined quantization parameters, wherein a first neural network model is selected for a frame having a first hierarchical level, and a second neural network model, different from the first neural network model is selected for a frame having a second hierarchical level, the second hierarchical level being different from the first hierarchical level, and wherein a hierarchical level of a frame is determined based on a temporal position of the frame in the frames, and frames having a same hierarchical level are positioned at a predetermined interval with each other.
 14. The computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the target fame corresponds to one or more from among an I-frame, a P-frame, and a B-frame.
 15. The computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the decoded video data is included in a reference picture list.
 16. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein based on the reference picture list, subsequent frames from among the frames are decoded based on motion-compensated prediction, intra prediction, or intra block copy.
 17. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein one or more virtual reference frames are generated and included in the reference picture list. 